"Making Machines Work Harder" 636-447-3439
Industry Resource Page
Sand Paper Definition
Courtesy Wiki
Sandpaper, also known as glasspaper[1], is a heavy paper with abrasive material bonded to its surface.
Sandpaper is part of the "coated abrasives" family of abrasive products. It is used to remove small amounts of material from surfaces, either to make them smoother (painting and wood finishing), to remove a layer of material (e.g. old paint), or sometimes to make the surface rougher (e.g. as a preparation to gluing).
Contents [hide] [edit] History The first recorded instance of sandpaper was in 13th century China when crushed shells, seeds, and sand were bonded to parchment using natural gum.
Shark skin was also used as a sandpaper. The rough scales of the living fossil Coelacanth are used by the natives of Comoros as sandpaper.[2]
Boiled and dried, the rough horsetail is used in Japan as a traditional polishing material, finer than sandpaper.
Sandpaper was originally known as glass paper, as it used particles of glass. Glass frit has sharp-edged particles and cuts well, sand grains are smoothed down and did not work well like sandpaper made from glass. Cheap counterfeit sandpaper has long been passed off as true glass paper; Stalker and Parker cautioned against it in the 17th century.[3]
Glass paper was manufactured by John Oakey's company in London by 1833, who had developed new adhesive techniques and processes, enabling mass production. A process for making sandpaper was patented in the United States on June 14, 1834 by Isaac Fischer, Jr., of Springfield, Vermont.
In 1921, 3M invented a sandpaper with a waterproof backing, known as Wetordry. This allowed use with water, which would serve as a lubricant to carry away particles that would otherwise clog the grit. Its first application was automotive paint refinishing.[4]
[edit] Types 320 grit silicon carbide sandpaper, with close-up view. There are many varieties of sandpaper, with variations in the paper or backing, the material used for the grit, grit size, and the bond.
[edit] Backing In addition to paper, backing for sandpaper includes cloth (cotton, polyester, rayon), PET film, and "fibre", or rubber. Cloth backing is used for sandpaper discs and belts, while mylar is used as backing for extremely fine grits. Fibre or vulcanized fibre is a strong backing material consisting of many layers of polymer impregnated paper. The weight of the backing is usually designated by a letter. For paper backings, the weight ratings range from "A" to "F," with A designating the lightest and F the heaviest. Letter nomenclature follows a different system for cloth backings, with the weight of the backing rated J, X, Y , T, and M, from lightest to heaviest. A flexible backing allows sandpaper to follow irregular contours of a workpiece; relatively inflexible backing is optimal for regular rounded or flat surfaces. Sandpaper backings may be glued to the paper or form a separate support structure for moving sandpaper, such as used in sanding belts and discs. Stronger paper or backing increases the ease of sanding wood, so good quality sand paper is much better than low quality sandpaper. The harder the backing material, the faster the sanding, the faster the wear of the paper and the rougher the sanded surface.
[edit] Material Materials used for the abrading particles are:
The harder the grit material, the easier the sanding of surfaces like wood. The grit material for polishing granite slab must be harder than granite.
Later abrading surfaces include long-life stainless steel sanding discs.
[edit] Bonds Different adhesives are used to bond the abrasive to the paper. Hide glue is still used, but this glue often cannot withstand the heat generated when machine sanding and is not waterproof. Waterproof or wet/dry sandpapers use a resin bond and a waterproof backing.
Sandpapers can also be open coat, where the particles are separated from each other and the sandpaper is more flexible. This helps prevent clogging of the sandpaper. The wet and dry sandpaper is best used when wet.
[edit] Shapes Sanding sponge Sandpaper comes in a number of different shapes and sizes:
[edit] Grit size table The following table, compiled from the references at the bottom, compares the CAMI and "P" designations with the average grit size in micrometres (µm).
Grit size table ISO/FEPA Grit designation CAMI Grit designation Average particle diameter (µm) MACROGRITS Extra Coarse (Very fast removal of material, hardwood flooring initial sanding) P12 1815 P16 1324 P20 1000 P24 764 24 708 P30 642 30 632 36 530 P36 538 Coarse (Rapid removal of material) P40 40 425 50 348 P50 336 Medium (sanding bare wood in preparation for finishing, for gentle removal of varnish, also used for skateboard grip tape) 60 265 P60 269 P80 201 80 190 Fine (sanding bare wood in preparation for finishing, not suitable for removing varnish or paint from wood, use for cleaning plaster and water stain from wood) P100 162 100 140 P120 125 120 115 Very Fine (sanding of bare wood) P150 100 150 92 P180 180 82 P220 220 68 MICROGRITS Very Fine (sanding finishes between coats) P240 58.5 240 53.0 P280 52.2 P320 46.2 P360 40.5 Extra fine, start polishing of wood 320 36.0 P400 35.0 P500 30.2 360 28.0 P600 25.8 Super fine (final sanding of finishes, final sanding of wood) 400 23.0 P800 21.8 500 20.0 P1000 18.3 600 16.0 P1200 15.3 Ultra fine (final sanding and polishing of thick finishes) P1500 800 12.6 P2000 1000 10.3 P2500 8.4 [edit] See also
abrasive tools Blade · Bolt cutter · Broach · Ceramic tile cutter · Chisel · Coping saw · Countersink · Diamond blade · Diamond tool · Drill bit · Endmill · Emery cloth · File · Fretsaw · Froe · Glass cutter · Grater · Grinding wheel · Hacksaw · Hand saw · Knife · Milling cutter · Miter saw · Nail clipper · Pipecutter · Plane · Rasp · Razor · Reamer · Sandpaper · Saw · Scalpel · Scissors · Steel wool · Surform · Switchblade · Tap and die · Thread restorer · Tool bit · Tumi · Utility knife · Water jet cutter · Wire brush · Wire cutter · Wire stripper Garden tools Adze · Axe · Billhook · Bow saw · Chainsaw · Cultivator · Earth auger · Edger · Garden fork · Garden hose · Garden trowel · Hatchet · Hedge trimmer · Hoe · Hori hori · Irrigation sprinkler · Lawn aerator · Lawn mower · Lawn sweeper · Leaf blower · Loppers · Loy · Machete · Mattock · Pickaxe · Pitchfork · Plough (plow) · Post hole digger · Pruning shears (secateurs) · Rake · Roller · Rotary tiller · Scythe · Shovel · Sickle · Slasher · Spade · Splitting maul · String trimmer Hand tools Block plane · BNC inserter/remover · Brace · Bradawl · Breaker bar · Card scraper · Cat's paw · Caulking gun · Clamp · Crimping pliers · Crowbar · Grease gun · Fish tape · Hammer · Hand truck · Hawk · Hex key · Jack · Lug wrench · Locking pliers · Mallet · Mitre box · Monkey wrench · Nut driver · Paint roller · Paintbrush · Pipe wrench · Pliers · Punch · Punch down tool · Putty knife · Sink wrench · Ratchet · Scratch awl · Screwdriver · Sledgehammer · Spike maul · Staple gun · Stitching awl · Strap wrench · Tire iron · Torque wrench · Trowel · Upholstery hammer · Wrench (spanner) Machine tools Automatic lathe · Broaching machine · Drill press · Gear shaper · Grinding machine · Hobbing machine · Jig borer · Lathe · Metalworking lathe · Milling machine · Planer · Screw machine · Shaper · Turret lathe Measuring and
alignment tools Architect's scale · Beam compass · Caliper · Chalk box · Compass · Engineer's scale · Flexible curve · Jig · Laser level · Laser line level · Laser measuring tool · Micrometer · Pencil · Plumb-bob · Protractor · Ruler · Scale · Sliding T bevel · Spirit level · Square · Straightedge · Tape measure · Template Power tools Angle grinder · Bandsaw · Belt sander · Blow torch · Chop saw · Circular saw · Concrete saw · Crusher · Cutting torch · Die grinder · Drill · Glue gun · Grinding machine · Heat gun · Impact wrench · Jigsaw · Jointer · Nail gun · Needlegun scaler · Plasma cutter · Radial arm saw · Random orbital sander · Reciprocating saw · Rotary tool · Router table · Sander · Scroll saw · Soldering gun · Soldering iron · Steam box · Table saw · Thickness planer · Welding · Wood router · Wood shaper Other Antique tools · Backscratcher · Comb · Flashlight · Halligan bar · Kelly tool · Ladder · Toolbox · Vise · Workbench
Sandpaper, also known as glasspaper[1], is a heavy paper with abrasive material bonded to its surface.
Sandpaper is part of the "coated abrasives" family of abrasive products. It is used to remove small amounts of material from surfaces, either to make them smoother (painting and wood finishing), to remove a layer of material (e.g. old paint), or sometimes to make the surface rougher (e.g. as a preparation to gluing).
Contents [hide] [edit] History The first recorded instance of sandpaper was in 13th century China when crushed shells, seeds, and sand were bonded to parchment using natural gum.
Shark skin was also used as a sandpaper. The rough scales of the living fossil Coelacanth are used by the natives of Comoros as sandpaper.[2]
Boiled and dried, the rough horsetail is used in Japan as a traditional polishing material, finer than sandpaper.
Sandpaper was originally known as glass paper, as it used particles of glass. Glass frit has sharp-edged particles and cuts well, sand grains are smoothed down and did not work well like sandpaper made from glass. Cheap counterfeit sandpaper has long been passed off as true glass paper; Stalker and Parker cautioned against it in the 17th century.[3]
Glass paper was manufactured by John Oakey's company in London by 1833, who had developed new adhesive techniques and processes, enabling mass production. A process for making sandpaper was patented in the United States on June 14, 1834 by Isaac Fischer, Jr., of Springfield, Vermont.
In 1921, 3M invented a sandpaper with a waterproof backing, known as Wetordry. This allowed use with water, which would serve as a lubricant to carry away particles that would otherwise clog the grit. Its first application was automotive paint refinishing.[4]
[edit] Types 320 grit silicon carbide sandpaper, with close-up view. There are many varieties of sandpaper, with variations in the paper or backing, the material used for the grit, grit size, and the bond.
[edit] Backing In addition to paper, backing for sandpaper includes cloth (cotton, polyester, rayon), PET film, and "fibre", or rubber. Cloth backing is used for sandpaper discs and belts, while mylar is used as backing for extremely fine grits. Fibre or vulcanized fibre is a strong backing material consisting of many layers of polymer impregnated paper. The weight of the backing is usually designated by a letter. For paper backings, the weight ratings range from "A" to "F," with A designating the lightest and F the heaviest. Letter nomenclature follows a different system for cloth backings, with the weight of the backing rated J, X, Y , T, and M, from lightest to heaviest. A flexible backing allows sandpaper to follow irregular contours of a workpiece; relatively inflexible backing is optimal for regular rounded or flat surfaces. Sandpaper backings may be glued to the paper or form a separate support structure for moving sandpaper, such as used in sanding belts and discs. Stronger paper or backing increases the ease of sanding wood, so good quality sand paper is much better than low quality sandpaper. The harder the backing material, the faster the sanding, the faster the wear of the paper and the rougher the sanded surface.
[edit] Material Materials used for the abrading particles are:
- flint: no longer commonly used
- garnet: commonly used in woodworking
- emery: commonly used to abrade or polish metal
- aluminium oxide: perhaps most common in widest variety of grits; can be used on metal (i.e. body shops) or wood
- silicon carbide: available in very coarse grits all the way through to microgrits, common in wet applications
- alumina-zirconia: (an aluminium oxide–zirconium oxide alloy), used for machine grinding applications
- chromium oxide: used in extremely fine micron grit (micrometre level) papers
- ceramic aluminum oxide: used in high pressure applications, used in both coated abrasives, as well as in bonded abrasives.
The harder the grit material, the easier the sanding of surfaces like wood. The grit material for polishing granite slab must be harder than granite.
Later abrading surfaces include long-life stainless steel sanding discs.
[edit] Bonds Different adhesives are used to bond the abrasive to the paper. Hide glue is still used, but this glue often cannot withstand the heat generated when machine sanding and is not waterproof. Waterproof or wet/dry sandpapers use a resin bond and a waterproof backing.
Sandpapers can also be open coat, where the particles are separated from each other and the sandpaper is more flexible. This helps prevent clogging of the sandpaper. The wet and dry sandpaper is best used when wet.
[edit] Shapes Sanding sponge Sandpaper comes in a number of different shapes and sizes:
- sheet: usually 9 by 11 inches, but other sizes may be available
- belt: usually cloth backed, comes in different sizes to fit different belt sanders.
- disk: made to fit different models of disc and random orbit sanders. May be perforated for some models of sanders. Attachment includes pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) and "hook-and-loop" (similar to velcro).
- rolls: known as "shag rolls" by many contractors
- sponge: for tight places
[edit] Grit size table The following table, compiled from the references at the bottom, compares the CAMI and "P" designations with the average grit size in micrometres (µm).
Grit size table ISO/FEPA Grit designation CAMI Grit designation Average particle diameter (µm) MACROGRITS Extra Coarse (Very fast removal of material, hardwood flooring initial sanding) P12 1815 P16 1324 P20 1000 P24 764 24 708 P30 642 30 632 36 530 P36 538 Coarse (Rapid removal of material) P40 40 425 50 348 P50 336 Medium (sanding bare wood in preparation for finishing, for gentle removal of varnish, also used for skateboard grip tape) 60 265 P60 269 P80 201 80 190 Fine (sanding bare wood in preparation for finishing, not suitable for removing varnish or paint from wood, use for cleaning plaster and water stain from wood) P100 162 100 140 P120 125 120 115 Very Fine (sanding of bare wood) P150 100 150 92 P180 180 82 P220 220 68 MICROGRITS Very Fine (sanding finishes between coats) P240 58.5 240 53.0 P280 52.2 P320 46.2 P360 40.5 Extra fine, start polishing of wood 320 36.0 P400 35.0 P500 30.2 360 28.0 P600 25.8 Super fine (final sanding of finishes, final sanding of wood) 400 23.0 P800 21.8 500 20.0 P1000 18.3 600 16.0 P1200 15.3 Ultra fine (final sanding and polishing of thick finishes) P1500 800 12.6 P2000 1000 10.3 P2500 8.4 [edit] See also
- Belt sander
- Dremel
- Emery (mineral)
- Grinding machine
- Particle size (grain size)
- Polishing
- Sander
- Sanding block
- Emery cloth
- Crocus cloth
- Grind
- ^ E. M. Kirkpatrick, ed (1983). Chambers 20th Century Dictionary. Edinburgh: W & R Chambers Ltd. pp. 532. ISBN 0550102345.
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=Ex2Nr3lLzM0C&pg=PA60
- ^ Stalker & Parker (1971) [1688]. A Treatise of Japaning and Varnishing. Tiranti.
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=NxNlGsE7EVwC&pg=PA234
- Michael Dresdner (1992). The Woodfinishing Book. Taunton Press. ISBN 1-56158-037-6
abrasive tools Blade · Bolt cutter · Broach · Ceramic tile cutter · Chisel · Coping saw · Countersink · Diamond blade · Diamond tool · Drill bit · Endmill · Emery cloth · File · Fretsaw · Froe · Glass cutter · Grater · Grinding wheel · Hacksaw · Hand saw · Knife · Milling cutter · Miter saw · Nail clipper · Pipecutter · Plane · Rasp · Razor · Reamer · Sandpaper · Saw · Scalpel · Scissors · Steel wool · Surform · Switchblade · Tap and die · Thread restorer · Tool bit · Tumi · Utility knife · Water jet cutter · Wire brush · Wire cutter · Wire stripper Garden tools Adze · Axe · Billhook · Bow saw · Chainsaw · Cultivator · Earth auger · Edger · Garden fork · Garden hose · Garden trowel · Hatchet · Hedge trimmer · Hoe · Hori hori · Irrigation sprinkler · Lawn aerator · Lawn mower · Lawn sweeper · Leaf blower · Loppers · Loy · Machete · Mattock · Pickaxe · Pitchfork · Plough (plow) · Post hole digger · Pruning shears (secateurs) · Rake · Roller · Rotary tiller · Scythe · Shovel · Sickle · Slasher · Spade · Splitting maul · String trimmer Hand tools Block plane · BNC inserter/remover · Brace · Bradawl · Breaker bar · Card scraper · Cat's paw · Caulking gun · Clamp · Crimping pliers · Crowbar · Grease gun · Fish tape · Hammer · Hand truck · Hawk · Hex key · Jack · Lug wrench · Locking pliers · Mallet · Mitre box · Monkey wrench · Nut driver · Paint roller · Paintbrush · Pipe wrench · Pliers · Punch · Punch down tool · Putty knife · Sink wrench · Ratchet · Scratch awl · Screwdriver · Sledgehammer · Spike maul · Staple gun · Stitching awl · Strap wrench · Tire iron · Torque wrench · Trowel · Upholstery hammer · Wrench (spanner) Machine tools Automatic lathe · Broaching machine · Drill press · Gear shaper · Grinding machine · Hobbing machine · Jig borer · Lathe · Metalworking lathe · Milling machine · Planer · Screw machine · Shaper · Turret lathe Measuring and
alignment tools Architect's scale · Beam compass · Caliper · Chalk box · Compass · Engineer's scale · Flexible curve · Jig · Laser level · Laser line level · Laser measuring tool · Micrometer · Pencil · Plumb-bob · Protractor · Ruler · Scale · Sliding T bevel · Spirit level · Square · Straightedge · Tape measure · Template Power tools Angle grinder · Bandsaw · Belt sander · Blow torch · Chop saw · Circular saw · Concrete saw · Crusher · Cutting torch · Die grinder · Drill · Glue gun · Grinding machine · Heat gun · Impact wrench · Jigsaw · Jointer · Nail gun · Needlegun scaler · Plasma cutter · Radial arm saw · Random orbital sander · Reciprocating saw · Rotary tool · Router table · Sander · Scroll saw · Soldering gun · Soldering iron · Steam box · Table saw · Thickness planer · Welding · Wood router · Wood shaper Other Antique tools · Backscratcher · Comb · Flashlight · Halligan bar · Kelly tool · Ladder · Toolbox · Vise · Workbench